Below is a sample outline and a well-developed college-level essay in APA 7th ed. on the topic: “Science vs. Religion: Interrelate or in Conflict?.” This sample is intended to help students write better essays.
Science vs. Religion: Interrelate or in Conflict?
Sample APA Essay Outline: Science vs. Religion
- Introduction
- Briefly introduce the historical context of the science vs. religion debate
- Present the overarching question: Are science and religion interrelated or in conflict?
- State the thesis: While some argue for a harmonious coexistence, others assert inherent conflicts between science and religion.
- Historical Perspectives
- Overview of early historical interactions between science and religion
- Exploration of the Galileo affair and other pivotal moments
- Introduction to the concept of the “Conflict Thesis” and its proponents (e.g., John William Draper, Andrew Dickson White)
- Compatibility Theories
- Presentation of the “Non-overlapping Magisteria” (NOMA) concept by Stephen Jay Gould
- Examination of Ian Barbour’s integration model: “Dialogue, Conflict, Independence, Integration”
- Exploration of the idea that science and religion address different domains of human experience
- Scientific Theories and Religious Beliefs
- Overview of scientific theories that some argue challenge religious beliefs
- Discussion on evolutionary theory and its impact on religious narratives
- Examination of cosmological theories and their implications for religious cosmogonies
- Contemporary Debates
- Analysis of current debates within the scientific and religious communities
- Exploration of theistic evolution as a compromise position
- Discussion on secular ethics and morality in the absence of religious frameworks
- Interrelation in Individual Belief Systems
- Examination of individuals who reconcile their scientific and religious beliefs
- Case studies on scientists with strong religious convictions
- Consideration of the psychological aspects of belief integration
- Cognitive Science and Belief
- Introduction to cognitive science theories on belief formation
- Discussion on how cognitive biases may contribute to the perceived conflict or interrelation
- Exploration of the role of culture and upbringing in shaping attitudes toward science and religion
- The Role of Institutions
- Analysis of the positions taken by religious institutions on scientific advancements
- Examination of how scientific institutions approach religious considerations
- Discussion on the influence of institutional dynamics on public perceptions
- Critiques and Counterarguments
- Presentation of criticisms against the conflict thesis
- Addressing counterarguments from those asserting inherent conflicts
- Consideration of the evolving nature of the discourse
- Conclusion
- Summarize key points from historical perspectives to contemporary debates
- Reiterate the thesis and offer a nuanced perspective
- Encourage ongoing dialogue and exploration of the dynamic relationship between science and religion.
